Tiempo profundo
Geología
Cada cordillera es una historia de cientos de millones de años. Acá contamos la de cada destino que mapeamos — y qué podés ver de esa historia desde el sendero.
Fuentes: servicios geológicos oficiales y literatura revisada. Edades, estados volcánicos y superlativos verificados de forma independiente — el estado de cada volcán viene de su agencia de monitoreo oficial.
Atlas de campo

continental collision
La colision India-Asia: picos de 8.000 metros en el Himalaya y Karakorum, con la alta meseta tibetana detras.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Robert Simmon, using Blue Marble and GTOPO30 data. · NASA media use guidelines

subduction arc
Paisaje volcanico de los Andes centrales cerca del Ojos del Salado: conos jovenes, coladas, tobas y cuencas cerradas de altura.
NASA Earth Observatory; ISS Crew Earth Observations / NASA-JSC. · NASA media use guidelines

subduction arc
Lanin muestra el perfil clasico de un estratovolcan: un cono empinado y estratificado construido por magma de subduccion.
Photo by Lee Siebert, Smithsonian Institution. · CC0 Public Domain Dedication

hotspot
Mauna Loa y Mauna Kea muestran la firma de un punto caliente: escudos basalticos anchos, no conos empinados.
Photo by Don Swanson, U.S. Geological Survey, via Smithsonian GVP. · Public Domain Work

rift
Rift de Africa oriental cerca del lago Bogoria: bloques limitados por fallas, lagos de rift, rocas volcanicas y escarpes.
NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team. · NASA media use guidelines

subduction arc
Caldera Segara Anak del Rinjani: la montana ausente es la geologia, con un cono joven creciendo dentro del lago.
NASA International Space Station image ISS005-E-15296, via Smithsonian GVP. · Public Domain Work
La escuela de la montaña
Tres maneras de construir una montaña: colisión, subducción y acreción
Formas de volcán: por qué el cono sigue a la química
Leer las rocas en el sendero: granito, caliza y rocas volcánicas
Tiempo profundo: el fondo marino en la cumbre
Simulá la orogénesis
Simulador interactivo
Simulador de orogenia
Elegí un proceso y mové el tiempo para ver cómo se construye la montaña.
Velo en el mundo real
Corte esquemático — ilustrativo, sin escala, tiempo comprimido.
Forjadas por subducción

Lanín
Andean orogeny — Southern Volcanic Zone arc · Edifice built in four stages since the early Pleistocene (possibly late Pliocene); last confirmed eruption 560 CE ± 150 (subduction ongoing)
El cono perfecto que nunca se apagó oficialmente
Volcanism · stratovolcano (dominantly effusive; summit dome, pyroclastic cones, tuff ring) · ACTIVE — SEGEMAR's Observatorio Argentino de Vigilancia Volcánica (OAVV) officially categorizes Lanín as an active volcano and ranks it 3rd in Argentina's volcanic risk ranking; monitored 24/7 by OAVV (seismometers, cameras) and by OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN in Chile, which briefly raised the alert to Yellow after a February 2017 seismic swarm. Check the current alert level before climbing.
Photo by Lee Siebert, Smithsonian Institution. · CC0 Public Domain Dedication

Ojos del Salado & the Puna 6Ks
Andean orogeny — Central Volcanic Zone arc · Pleistocene–Holocene edifice; last confirmed eruption 750 CE ± 250 (subduction ongoing)
El volcán activo más alto de la Tierra, sobre el desierto no polar más árido
Volcanism · massive compound stratovolcano complex (largely buried caldera, lava domes, pyroclastic cones) · ACTIVE per the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, which calls it "the world's highest active volcano" on the basis of its Holocene eruption record and persistent fumarolic activity; no confirmed historical eruptions. SEGEMAR's OAVV catalogues it as "potencialmente activo" (potentially active) and includes it in Argentina's volcanic risk ranking in the lowest-risk group (RVR 16–28). Per GVP, the highest volcano with documented historical eruptions is Llullaillaco (last erupted 1877).
NASA Earth Observatory; ISS Crew Earth Observations / NASA-JSC. · NASA media use guidelines
Forjadas por subducción
Aconcagua
Andean orogeny — Aconcagua fold-and-thrust belt (Pampean flat-slab segment) · Aconcagua Volcanic Complex ~15–8 Ma; main shortening early–middle Miocene; magmatism and deformation ceased here in the late Miocene as the slab flattened — the segment remains amagmatic today
Apagado por la placa plana, izado al techo de América
Volcanism · none today — deeply eroded remnants of a Miocene volcanic complex; not a volcanic edifice · NOT an active volcano — Aconcagua appears neither in SEGEMAR's active-volcano risk ranking nor in the Smithsonian GVP Holocene volcano list. Volcanism here ended in the late Miocene (summit andesite K-Ar 9.63 ± 0.44 Ma; Godoy, Andean Geology) when the Nazca slab flattened beneath this segment, shutting off the magma supply (Ramos & Folguera 2009; Frontiers in Earth Science 2023).
Forjadas por subducción
Bariloche
Andean orogeny — North Patagonian Batholith arc · Batholith plutons ~184 to 10–5 Ma (Jurassic–Miocene; the 184 Ma tonalite belongs to the older Subcordilleran belt, the North Patagonian Batholith proper is ~135 to 25–15 Ma with 10–5 Ma leucogranites); Tronador volcanism ~1.3 Ma–340 ka; Andean uplift ongoing
Raíces de granito, un volcán apagado y lagos excavados a medio kilómetro de profundidad
Volcanism · Extinct stratovolcano (Monte Tronador); regional ashfall source is the active Puyehue–Cordón Caulle fissure-caldera complex in Chile · Monte Tronador is extinct per SEGEMAR (Sitios de Interés Geológico monograph: activity ~1.3 Ma–340 ka) and is not on the SEGEMAR-OAVV list of monitored active volcanoes. The region's real hazard is ashfall from Chilean volcanoes: Puyehue–Cordón Caulle is monitored by SERNAGEOMIN/OVDAS and, following the January 2026 seismic swarm (143 low-energy events), remained at GREEN technical alert with no evidence of an eruptive process — the complex had been at YELLOW alert from April 2024 until SERNAGEOMIN lowered it to GREEN in October 2025. Check rnvv.sernageomin.cl for current status.

Indonesia
Sunda Arc subduction volcanism · arc volcanism active through the Quaternary; Rinjani complex Quaternary; Samalas caldera collapse 1257 CE
El volcán que enfrió el mundo medieval
Volcanism · stratovolcano complex with a collapse caldera (Samalas / Segara Anak) and an active post-caldera cone (Barujari) · PVMBG (via the official MAGMA Indonesia platform): Level II — Waspada as of August 2026, with a 1.5-km exclusion radius around the active Barujari crater. Rinjani is an active volcano; check MAGMA Indonesia before trekking.
NASA International Space Station image ISS005-E-15296, via Smithsonian GVP. · Public Domain Work
Forjadas por subducción
Colorado 14ers
Laramide orogeny (preceded by the Ancestral Rocky Mountains uplift, ~300 Ma) · ~70-40 Ma (NPS/USGS); some published syntheses give 80-55 Ma. Ancestral Rockies: Pennsylvanian, ~300 Ma
Montañas construidas dos veces: la cordillera que subió, desapareció y volvió a subir
Volcanism · none · No active volcanism on these trails: the Front Range at Rocky Mountain National Park was raised by fault-driven Laramide uplift of ancient granite and gneiss, not by volcanoes (USGS, Geology of Rocky Mountain National Park). The USGS lists no monitored active volcanic centers in the Colorado Front Range.

Cusco & Inca Trail
Andean orogeny (Central Andes / Altiplano phase) · Subduction-driven orogeny active through the Cenozoic; Altiplano uplift from ~25 Ma (ongoing)
Un fondo marino a 3.700 m: el enigma andino bajo la capital inca
Volcanism · Extinct Quaternary andesites (Rumicolca Formation) near the city; the Cusco department's only Holocene centre is Quimsachata-Oroscocha (Canchis Province, ~100 km SE) · No historically active or monitored volcano near Cusco. The department's only Holocene volcano, Quimsachata-Oroscocha (Canchis Province, Smithsonian GVP #354000), last erupted around 4450 BCE and is currently unmonitored. Peru's officially monitored active volcanoes (Sabancaya, Ubinas, Misti and others) lie in the southern arc across the Ayacucho, Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna regions, monitored by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) through CENVUL, with INGEMMET's volcano observatory.
Photo by Steve FUNG. · CC BY-SA 4.0
Corazones de granito, exhumados
Corazones de granito, exhumados
El Chaltén
Andean orogeny — Miocene Chaltén (Fitz Roy) Plutonic Complex, exhumed by glacial erosion · Intrusion 16.90 ± 0.05 to 16.37 ± 0.02 Ma (over ~530 kyr); exhumation pulses ~9.5 Ma, ~7.5 Ma and since ~1 Ma; glacial onset ~7.5–6.5 Ma
Granito nacido bajo los Andes, desnudado por el hielo
Volcanism · None — the Chaltén Plutonic Complex is a long-extinct intrusive system that never erupted · No volcanism in the massif — the Fitz Roy/Chaltén granite is a long-extinct intrusive system that never erupted. The nearest active volcano is Lautaro, an ice-covered stratovolcano on the Southern Patagonian Icefield northwest of the massif, considered active by Chile's SERNAGEOMIN; its last recorded eruption was in 1979 (Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program). It poses no hazard on El Chaltén's trails beyond regional ashfall scenarios.

Torres del Paine
Andean orogeny — Miocene Torres del Paine laccolith, exhumed by glacial erosion · Intrusion 12.593 ± 0.009 to 12.431 ± 0.006 Ma (granite laccolith built in 90 ± 30 kyr; whole bimodal complex in 162 ± 11 kyr); rapid glacial exhumation from ~6.5 Ma, final exhumation late Quaternary
Una ampolla de magma bajo un antiguo fondo marino: las torres llevan coronas oscuras de roca horneada
Volcanism · None — the Paine Intrusive Complex is an extinct Miocene intrusive system; the magma never reached the surface · None — the Paine Intrusive Complex solidified ~12.4 Ma and its magmatic system is extinct; the magma never erupted at the surface. Chile's SERNAGEOMIN national volcano monitoring network (RNVV) monitors no volcanic center in the Torres del Paine area; the nearest historically active volcanoes lie far outside the park, in the Austral Volcanic Zone. Monte Burney, ~200 km south of the park, was instrumented in December 2025 and is being incorporated into the RNVV during 2026 as the first monitored volcano in Magallanes.
Photo by James St. John. · CC BY 2.0
Corazones de granito, exhumados
Benasque
Variscan intrusion (Maladeta batholith), exhumed by the Pyrenean orogeny · Granite emplacement ~307–298 Ma (Late Carboniferous–Early Permian; U-Pb zircon 298.0 ± 2.4 Ma on associated dikes); exhumation during Pyrenean collision ~85–20 Ma
Raíces de granito de un supercontinente perdido, coronadas por un glaciar que agoniza
Volcanism · none — exhumed Variscan batholith · No active volcanoes. IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional), Spain's volcano-monitoring authority, monitors active volcanism only in the Canary Islands; the Pyrenees, including the Maladeta massif, have no Holocene volcanism. The Maladeta granite is a plutonic body that cooled at depth ~300 Ma — it was never a volcano.
Corazones de granito, exhumados
Japanese Alps
Quaternary uplift of the Hida Range (Japanese island-arc orogeny) · plutons 10–0.8 Ma (Kurobegawa youngest phase ~0.8 Ma; Takidani ~1.4 Ma); Yari-Hotaka caldera tuff ~1.76 Ma; rapid uplift Quaternary and ongoing
El granito más joven de la Tierra, saliendo del suelo a toda velocidad
Volcanism · andesitic stratovolcano (Yakedake) rising within a rapidly uplifting non-volcanic range · Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA): Yakedake is ACTIVE — Volcanic Alert Level 1, 'potential for increased activity' (raised to Level 2 on 25 January 2026 during a seismic swarm, lowered back to Level 1 at 14:00 on 4 March 2026). It is one of Japan's 111 active volcanoes and among the 50 JMA monitors continuously.
Corazones de granito, exhumados
Krasnoyarsk Pillars (Столбы)
Shumikha complex syenite intrusion, exhumed by Eastern Sayan uplift and erosion · Associated igneous complexes dated 430-450 Ma (Late Ordovician-Silurian; Siberian Federal University dating reported 2019); earlier literature assigned ~390 Ma (Devonian). Pillars exposed by much later uplift and erosion
Magma que nunca llegó a la superficie, hoy erguido casi 90 metros sobre la taiga
Volcanism · none (subsurface intrusion; the magma never erupted) · No active volcanism: the Stolby syenite magma froze underground and never erupted, and the region's volcanic rocks are 430-450 million years old (Siberian Federal University dating, reported 2019). There are no monitored active volcanoes in the Krasnoyarsk region; nearby Chernaya Sopka is an ancient, long-extinct Paleozoic volcanic center.
Nacidas del choque

Nepal
Himalayan orogeny (India–Asia collision) · onset ~59–50 Ma (classic estimate ~55–50 Ma); ongoing
El fondo del mar en el techo del mundo
Volcanism · none · No volcanoes — the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program lists no Holocene volcanoes in Nepal. The Himalaya is a continent–continent collision belt without active subduction volcanism; its granites are ancient crustal melts, long solidified.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Robert Simmon, using Blue Marble and GTOPO30 data. · NASA media use guidelines

Pakistan (Karakoram)
Himalayan–Karakoram orogeny (India–Asia collision, with prior Kohistan arc accretion) · arc magmatism from ~120 Ma; collision onset ~59–50 Ma; Baltoro granites 26–13 Ma; ongoing
La corteza profunda de Asia, izada a 8.611 metros
Volcanism · none · No Holocene volcanoes in the Karakoram or anywhere in northern Pakistan per the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program. Karakoram magmatism is collisional crustal melting that ended around 13 Ma (Baltoro granite); it never reaches the surface today.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Robert Simmon, using Blue Marble and GTOPO30 data. · NASA media use guidelines

Ladakh & Zanskar
Himalayan orogeny — Indus Suture Zone (collision boundary) with prior Trans-Himalayan arc · arc magmatism ~103–50 Ma; collision onset ~59–50 Ma; ongoing
La frontera de placas que se puede caminar, literalmente
Volcanism · none · No Holocene volcanoes in Ladakh per the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (India's only listed active volcanism is in the distant Andaman Sea). The Dras arc volcanics along the suture are Cretaceous and extinct; the hot springs at Puga and Chumathang belong to a non-volcanic geothermal field studied by the Geological Survey of India.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Robert Simmon, using Blue Marble and GTOPO30 data. · NASA media use guidelines
Nacidas del choque
Chamonix / TMB
Alpine orogeny · Alpine uplift of the massif from ~22 Ma, ongoing (Leloup et al. 2005; timing debated, cf. Rolland et al. 2008); granite protolith Variscan, 303 ± 2 Ma (Bussy & von Raumer 1993)
Roca diez veces más vieja que su montaña
Volcanism · none · No volcanoes in this region. The Alps are a continental-collision orogen; the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program lists no Holocene volcanoes in the French or Swiss Alps — mainland France's only Holocene volcanism (Chaîne des Puys) lies in the Massif Central, ~250 km west of the Alps.
Nacidas del choque
Bernese Oberland
Alpine orogeny · Uplift and compression began ~20-40 Ma (UNESCO OUV), ongoing; Central Aar granite basement is late Variscan, 299 ± 2 Ma (Schaltegger & Corfu 1992)
Donde la colisión apiló fondo marino y granito al revés
Volcanism · none · No volcanoes in this region. The Alps are a continental-collision orogen; the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program lists no Holocene volcanoes in Switzerland.
Nacidas del choque
Interlaken
Alpine orogeny (Helvetic nappes and foreland molasse) · Helvetic nappe emplacement ~40-15 Ma; foreland molasse deposition ~34-13 Ma (Kempf & Pfiffner 2004); lake basins overdeepened during Pleistocene glaciations; Wendelsee split into two lakes gradually within the last ~10,000 yr
La llanura que partió un lago en dos
Volcanism · none · No volcanoes in this region. The Alps are a continental-collision orogen; the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program lists no Holocene volcanoes in Switzerland.
Nacidas del choque
Dolomites
Alpine orogeny (uplifting Middle–Upper Triassic carbonate platforms) · Platforms: Middle–Late Triassic (~247–201 Ma); Alpine hard continental collision: Eocene (~50 Ma)–present, ongoing; main Dolomites shortening/uplift: Neogene (Valsugana phase, ~12–8 Ma)
Atolones tropicales congelados a tres mil metros de altura
Volcanism · extinct Middle Triassic volcanic centres (no Cenozoic or active volcanism) · No active volcanism. INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia), Italy's volcano-monitoring agency, monitors no volcanoes in the Dolomites or anywhere in the Alps — all active Italian volcanoes lie far to the south. Volcanic activity here ended in the Middle Triassic.
Nacidas del choque
Pyrenees
Pyrenean orogeny · ~85–20 Ma (Late Cretaceous–early Miocene); Monte Perdido thrust stack deformed Eocene–Oligocene
La caliza más alta de Europa, tallada en sus cañones más profundos
Volcanism · none — collision built the range without a volcanic arc · No active volcanoes in the Pyrenees. IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional), Spain's volcano-monitoring authority, monitors active volcanism only in the Canary Islands. The nearest Quaternary volcanic field, La Garrotxa (Girona province), lies outside the range in the Catalan foothills; its last eruption (Croscat) is radiocarbon-dated to roughly 11,000–15,700 cal yr BP and the field shows no signs of activity.
Nacidas del choque
Virginia Appalachians
Alleghanian orogeny · ~300-250 Ma (Pennsylvanian-Permian; some syntheses ~325-260 Ma with multiple deformation pulses)
Montañas más antiguas que el océano Atlántico
Volcanism · none (Neoproterozoic rift lavas only, long extinct) · No active volcanism: the lavas seen in Shenandoah (Catoctin Formation greenstone) erupted about 570 million years ago during the rifting of Rodinia and are long extinct (NPS/USGS). The USGS lists no active volcanic centers in Virginia.
Hijas de un punto caliente
Donde se rasgan los continentes
Alzadas por grandes fallas

Denali
Alaska Range uplift (terrane accretion + Denali Fault restraining bend) · McKinley granites ≤60 Ma (avg K-Ar 57.3 Ma, USGS); uplift ongoing at ~0.5 mm/yr (NPS)
Un rompecabezas de tierras robadas, coronado por un granito que todavía sube
Volcanism · none (Paleogene volcanic rocks only, long extinct) · No active volcanoes in Denali National Park — the Alaska Range here is built by faulting and uplift, not volcanism. The USGS Alaska Volcano Observatory is the monitoring authority for Alaska's active volcanoes, all of which lie outside the park; the colorful volcanic rocks at Polychrome are 56-38 million years old (USGS).
NPS Photo / Jacob W. Frank. · Public domain
Alzadas por grandes fallas
New Zealand Great Walks
Kaikōura Orogeny (Alpine Fault oblique collision) · Plate boundary established ~25 Ma; rapid Southern Alps uplift in the last ~12 Ma (ongoing)
Caminar sobre el límite de placas: la falla que levanta los Alpes del Sur
Volcanism · Andesitic stratovolcanoes of the Taupō Volcanic Zone (Ruapehu; Tongariro complex incl. Ngāuruhoe and Te Maari) · Ruapehu: Volcanic Alert Level 1 — minor volcanic unrest; Tongariro: Volcanic Alert Level 0 — no volcanic unrest (GeoNet, checked August 2026). GeoNet — run by Earth Sciences New Zealand (formerly GNS Science) — is the official monitoring authority.
